RESUMO
Background: Inappropriate feces disposal leads to environmental contamination, and increases the risk of exposure to children. We aimed to estimate the proportion of rural households with knowledge and practice of safe management of feces (SMoF) among under-five children and to identify associated factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in eight villages in Bengaluru Urban district over 2 months, using a face-validated semi-structured interview schedule. SMoF was defined based on five criteria - defecation site, transport tool, feces disposal, cleaning of transport tool, and hand washing. Results: Out of 320 under-five children surveyed, 15.7% were pre-ambulatory and 84.3% were ambulatory. The majority of the caregivers (92.5%) felt that children should defecate in the latrine and only 23.7% were aware that child feces were more infectious than adult feces. SMoF was only practiced by caregivers of ambulatory children (52.6%). Households with older caregivers (P = 0.01) and those living in a pucca house (P = 0.02) with a latrine inside (P = 0.04) were found to practice SMoF. Children of households that practiced unsafe disposal of child feces experienced more diarrheal episodes (P = 0.04). Caregivers >20 years were found to have better odds of SMoF [20-25 years (adjusted odds ratio, aOR: 9.02), 26-30 years (aOR: 12.17), >30 years (aOR: 8.93)] compared to those <20 years. Conclusion: The proportion of households with knowledge and practice of SMoF was low. Awareness of SMoF is essential to reduce the incidence of diarrheal diseases and improve sanitation. Our findings also call for awareness building at schools and colleges.
RESUMO
Pseudotumor deltoideus is a localized region of irregular cortical thickening at the deltoid insertion that causes a diagnostic quandary for radiologists due to its unusual radiological characteristics. It is benign in origin, with the potential to act as a tumor stimulator, and has a variety of anatomic variants. The lesions can be characterized on an X-ray by an area of lucency at or around the deltoid tuberosity and a cortical irregularity or nearby eccentric marrow abnormality on computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The presence of cortical thickening and lucency at the deltoid insertion are unusual radiological findings that provide a diagnostic challenge. In this article, we provide cases of shoulder pain together with radiological imaging to make this previously underappreciated condition more understandable. Further evaluation with CT/MRI should be performed in all cases of shoulder pain with conventional radiographic findings of cortical thickening and intracortical lucency. The diagnosis of the condition is aided by the presence of elongated lucency on CT and T2 hyperintensity in the cortex of the proximal humerus. The clinical and imaging characteristics are important in the diagnosis of this condition. It must not be confused for infection or malignancy, and a biopsy must never be attempted.
